# Nonexistence of directed strongly regular graphs with parameters (30,12,11,4,5) and (30,17,16,9,10) teichmuller_lift ## 1. Result A directed strongly regular graph $\mathrm{dsrg}(v,k,t,\lambda,\mu)$ [1] is a loopless digraph whose adjacency matrix $A$ satisfies $$ AJ=JA=kJ,\qquad A^2=tI+\lambda A+\mu(J-I-A),\qquad 00>s$ of $x^2+(\mu-\lambda)x+(\mu-t)=0$, so $(r-s)^2=(\mu-\lambda)^2+4(t-\mu)$ [1]. For $(30,12,11,4,5)$ we have $r=2$, $s=-3$, with multiplicities $f=15$, $g=14$. ## 3. The structure of a dsrg with $k-t=1$ Throughout this section $k-t=1$. ### 3.1 The oriented part is a permutation Every vertex $x$ has exactly one out-neighbour that is not reciprocal and exactly one in-neighbour that is not reciprocal. Hence $T=P$ is the permutation matrix of a permutation $\pi$ with $P_{x,\pi x}=1$. We can describe $\pi$ further: - it has no fixed point, because $A$ is loopless; - it has no 2-cycle, because $x\to\pi x\to x$ would make $\{x,\pi x\}$ a reciprocal pair; - $U$ is disjoint from $P$ and from $P^{T}$. Hence $$ A=U+P,\qquad U\circ(P+P^{T})=0. \tag{1} $$ This observation is elementary. ### 3.2 A skew identity and a trichotomy **Proposition 1.** For every vertex $x$, $$ U_{x,\pi^2x}+U_{\pi^{-1}x,\pi x}+[\pi^3x=x]=\mu-\lambda. \tag{2} $$ *Proof.* The arc $x\to\pi x$ is one-way, so $(A^2)_{x,\pi x}=\lambda$. The reverse pair $\pi x\to x$ is a non-arc (it is not in $U$, nor in $P$, because $\pi^2x\ne x$), so $(A^2)_{\pi x,x}=\mu$. Expand both entries with $A=U+P$. - **The $(x,\pi x)$ entry.** Every term except $(U^2)_{x,\pi x}$ vanishes: - $(UP)_{x,\pi x}=U_{x,x}=0$; - $(PU)_{x,\pi x}=U_{\pi x,\pi x}=0$; - $(P^2)_{x,\pi x}=[\pi^2x=\pi x]=0$. So $\lambda=(U^2)_{x,\pi x}$. - **The $(\pi x,x)$ entry.** Here - $(UP)_{\pi x,x}=U_{\pi x,\pi^{-1}x}$; - $(PU)_{\pi x,x}=U_{\pi^2x,x}$; - $(P^2)_{\pi x,x}=[\pi^3x=x]$. So $\mu=(U^2)_{\pi x,x}+U_{\pi^{-1}x,\pi x}+U_{x,\pi^2x}+[\pi^3x=x]$. Since $U$ is symmetric, $(U^2)_{\pi x,x}=(U^2)_{x,\pi x}$. Subtracting the two expansions gives (2). $\square$ Write $f(x)=U_{x,\pi^2x}$. Then $f(\pi^{-1}x)=U_{\pi^{-1}x,\pi x}$, and (2) reads $f(x)+f(\pi^{-1}x)+[\pi^3x=x]=\mu-\lambda$. If $x$ lies on a 3-cycle, then $\pi^2x=\pi^{-1}x$, so by (1) both $U$-terms vanish. **Corollary 2 (trichotomy).** If $k-t=1$, then $\mu-\lambda\in\{0,1,2\}$. Moreover: 1. If $\mu-\lambda=0$: $\pi$ has no 3-cycle and $f\equiv0$, i.e. $U\circ P^2=0$. 2. If $\mu-\lambda=2$: $\pi$ has no 3-cycle and $f\equiv1$, i.e. $U\ge P^2$ entrywise (equivalently, by symmetry, $U\ge (P^{T})^2$). 3. If $\mu-\lambda=1$: every cycle of $\pi$ has length $3$ or an even length. On each even cycle, $f$ alternates between 0 and 1. *Proof.* The left side of (2) lies in $\{0,1,2\}$. - On a 3-cycle the left side equals 1. So 3-cycles occur only when $\mu-\lambda=1$. - On a cycle of length $L\ge4$, (2) reads $f(x)+f(\pi^{-1}x)=\mu-\lambda$. - For $\mu-\lambda\in\{0,2\}$ this forces $f$ to be constant, equal to $(\mu-\lambda)/2$. - For $\mu-\lambda=1$ it forces $f$ to alternate along the cycle, which requires $L$ even. $\square$ The bound $\mu-\lambda\le2$ is Duval's inequality $\mu-\lambda\le2(k-t)$ [1]. All six open rows of the table with $k-t=1$ have $\mu-\lambda=1$ (Section 6). ### 3.3 An anticommuting pair and an equitable partition The next identities hold for every dsrg. For $(27,7,4,1,2)$ they are equation (3) of [11]. Put $$ H=A+A^{T}+(\mu-\lambda)I,\qquad K=A-A^{T}. $$ Adding and subtracting the dsrg equation and its transpose gives $$ HK+KH=0,\qquad H^2+K^2=(r-s)^2I+4\mu J. \tag{3} $$ Indeed, with $G=A+A^{T}$ one has $GK+KG=2(A^2-(A^{T})^2)=2(\lambda-\mu)K$. One also has $$ G^2+K^2=2(A^2+(A^{T})^2)=4(t-\mu)I+2(\lambda-\mu)G+4\mu J . $$ The shift by $(\mu-\lambda)I$ cancels the $G$-terms in both identities. **Proposition 3.** If $k-t=1$, the partition of the vertices into the orbits of $\pi^2$ is equitable for $U$: - an odd cycle of $\pi$ is one cell; - an even cycle splits into its two classes of alternate vertices. *Proof.* $K=P-P^{T}$ is real and normal, so $\ker K=\ker K^2$. By (3), $H$ commutes with $K^2$, hence $H$ preserves $\ker K$. A vector $w$ lies in $\ker K$ exactly when $w(\pi x)=w(\pi^{-1}x)$ for all $x$. That is, $w$ is constant on the orbits of $\pi^2$. These are the cells described, and $\ker K$ is spanned by their indicator vectors. $P$, $P^{T}$ and $I$ preserve this space, because $\pi$ permutes the $\pi^2$-orbits. Therefore so does $U=\frac12(H-P-P^{T}-(\mu-\lambda)I)$. A symmetric matrix preserving the span of the indicators of a partition is exactly a matrix for which that partition is equitable. $\square$ Proposition 3 is not used in the proof of Theorem 1. It helps interpret why the case $\pi$ of type $3^{10}$ was the slowest; this is an interpretation, not an established cause. In that case $U$ is equitable on the ten triangles of $\pi$. Its quotient $B$ is a symmetric integer matrix with zero diagonal and row sums $11$, and (3) gives $$ 4B^2+12B+9I=25I+60J . $$ This quotient equation has integer solutions (we found one), so no contradiction arises at the level of the quotient. For the existing $\mathrm{dsrg}(18,4,3,0,1)$ the analogous quotient is the adjacency matrix of $K_{3,3}$. All statements of this section were checked in exact arithmetic on the five known graphs with $k-t=1$ and $v\le18$, covering all three regimes of Corollary 2: - $(6,2,1,0,1)$, $(6,3,2,1,2)$ and $(18,4,3,0,1)$ with $\mu-\lambda=1$, where $\pi$ has type $3^2$, $3^2$ and $3^6$; - $(8,3,2,1,1)$, with $\mu-\lambda=0$ and type $4^2$; - $(8,4,3,1,3)$, with $\mu-\lambda=2$ and type $4^2$. ## 4. Reduction to finitely many cases ### 4.1 Cycle types Fix a cycle type $c=(c_1\le c_2\le\dots)$ of $v$ with all parts at least 3. Let $\pi_c$ be the canonical permutation that cycles consecutive blocks: $$ \pi_c(b+i)=b+((i+1)\bmod c_j)\quad\text{on the block }\{b,\dots,b+c_j-1\}. $$ Every dsrg with $k-t=1$ is isomorphic to one whose permutation is $\pi_c$ for the cycle type $c$ of its $\pi$, since conjugate permutations differ by a relabelling. For fixed $\pi=\pi_c$ the unknown is a symmetric 0/1 matrix $U$ with: - zero diagonal; - $U\circ(P+P^{T})=0$; - row sums $t$; - with $A=U+P$, the equation $A^2=tI+\lambda A+\mu(J-I-A)$ holding entrywise. Every solution is a dsrg: row and column sums equal $t+1=k$, and $A\ne A^{T}$ because $P\ne0$. Conversely, every dsrg with permutation $\pi_c$ is a solution. Call this finite problem $\mathcal F(c)$. By Corollary 2, for $(30,12,11,4,5)$ only cycle types with all parts equal to 3 or even can occur. There are 76 such types of 30, against 331 types with all parts at least 3. ### 4.2 Normalising one row for type $3^{10}$ For $c=3^{10}$, write the triangles as $T_b=\{3b,3b+1,3b+2\}$, $b=0,\dots,9$, with $\pi(3b+i)=3b+(i+1\bmod3)$. Relabelling by a permutation $g$ that commutes with $\pi$ replaces $U$ by $gUg^{-1}$, keeps $P$, and gives an isomorphic graph. The permutations commuting with $\pi$ and fixing vertex 0 include: - the independent rotations of $T_1,\dots,T_9$; - all permutations of $T_1,\dots,T_9$. By (1), $N_U(0)\cap T_0=\varnothing$. For $b\ge1$ let $n_b=|N_U(0)\cap T_b|\in\{0,1,2,3\}$. A rotation of $T_b$ moves any 1-subset to $\{3b\}$ and any 2-subset to $\{3b,3b+1\}$. Sorting the triangles by $n_b$ then shows that we may assume $$ N_U(0)=\bigcup_{b=1}^{n_3}T_b\ \cup\ \bigcup_{b=n_3+1}^{n_3+n_2}\{3b,3b+1\}\ \cup\ \bigcup_{b=n_3+n_2+1}^{n_3+n_2+n_1}\{3b\}, \tag{4} $$ with $3n_3+2n_2+n_1=t=11$ and $n_1+n_2+n_3\le9$. There are exactly 14 such triples $(n_3,n_2,n_1)$: - $(0,2,7),(0,3,5),(0,4,3),(0,5,1)$; - $(1,0,8),(1,1,6),(1,2,4),(1,3,2),(1,4,0)$; - $(2,0,5),(2,1,3),(2,2,1)$; - $(3,0,2),(3,1,0)$. The triples $(0,0,11)$ and $(0,1,9)$ need more than nine triangles. We denote the problem $\mathcal F(3^{10})$ with row 0 fixed by (4) by $\mathcal F(3^{10};n_3,n_2,n_1)$. **Lemma 4.** A $\mathrm{dsrg}(30,12,11,4,5)$ exists if and only if one of the following 89 problems has a solution: - the 75 problems $\mathcal F(c)$, with $c\ne3^{10}$ having all parts 3 or even; - the 14 problems $\mathcal F(3^{10};n_3,n_2,n_1)$. *Proof.* Combine Section 3.1, Corollary 2 and the normalisation above. $\square$ ## 5. Computation ### 5.1 Propositional encoding and certificates For each of the 89 problems, the program `kt1_sat.py` writes a CNF formula. - **Variables.** One variable $u_{ij}$ for each unordered pair outside $P\cup P^{T}$. - **Products.** Each entry $(A^2)_{ij}=\sum_l A_{il}A_{lj}$ is expanded with $A=U+P$. A product of two $P$-entries is a constant, a product of a $P$-entry and a $U$-entry is a single literal, and a product of two $U$-entries gets a Tseitin variable $z\leftrightarrow u_{il}\wedge u_{lj}$. - **Targets.** The target value of the entry is $t$ on the diagonal; off the diagonal it is $\lambda$ or $\mu$ according to $A_{ij}$. When $A_{ij}=u_{ij}$ is a variable, the two targets are conditioned on that literal. - **Cardinality.** Equalities are encoded with two totalizers [12]: one on the literals for the upper bound, one on their negations for the lower bound. Row regularity of $U$ is encoded the same way. - **Row normalisation.** For $\mathcal F(3^{10};n_3,n_2,n_1)$, row 0 of $U$ is fixed by unit clauses according to (4). Every formula was refuted with a machine-checkable proof, using three provers over the course of the run: - Glucose 4 [13] via PySAT 1.8.dev16 [14], producing DRUP; - CaDiCaL 1.9.5 [16], producing binary DRAT; - for the larger proofs, CaDiCaL producing LRAT. DRUP and DRAT proofs were checked by DRAT-trim [3] at commit 2e3b2dc0. LRAT proofs were checked by `lrat-check` from the same repository and commit. LRAT checking takes linear time; backward DRAT checking of a 1 GB proof had not finished after an hour. A case counts as certified only if the checker reports `s VERIFIED` (DRAT-trim) or `c VERIFIED` with exit code 0 (`lrat-check`). As a negative control for the checker, deleting a single hint from one derivation step of an LRAT proof makes `lrat-check` report `c NOT VERIFIED` with exit code 1. The proofs are large (up to 4.4 GB), so they were checked immediately and deleted. As in [11], the supplement regenerates them. The log records, for every case, the prover, the SHA-256 hash of the CNF file, the proof size, the checker's verdict, and the solving and checking times. | Cases | Number | Result | Largest proof | Total solve / check time | |---|---:|---|---:|---:| | $\mathcal F(c)$, $c\neq3^{10}$ admissible | 75 | all UNSAT, all certified (22 DRUP, 10 DRAT, 43 LRAT) | 2.9 GB | 3.0 h / 0.4 h | | $\mathcal F(3^{10};n_3,n_2,n_1)$ | 14 | all UNSAT, all certified (1 DRUP, 1 DRAT, 12 LRAT) | 4.4 GB | 1.2 h / 0.03 h | ### 5.2 Independent confirmation Two further confirmations were run. - **A separately written CP-SAT model.** It is built with OR-Tools 9.11 [15] (`kt1_search.py`, `kt1_3cyc.py`) and uses a different formulation: Boolean products by implications, and linear equalities in place of totalizers. It reports INFEASIBLE for all 330 cycle types other than $3^{10}$, the slowest taking 246 s. Without splitting, $3^{10}$ is UNKNOWN after 600 s. Each of its 14 normalised cases is INFEASIBLE, in at most 128 s. - **A second SAT solver on the propositional encoding.** CaDiCaL 1.9.5 [16] reports UNSAT on all 14 normalised cases of $3^{10}$, on 13 of the other 75 admissible types, and on 46 non-admissible types. There is no disagreement. We stopped this run early to free the CPU for certification. The 255 cycle types excluded by Corollary 2 are also INFEASIBLE in the CP-SAT model. This is a consistency check of the lemma at the target parameters only; it is not an independent proof of the lemma in general. ### 5.3 Controls The same encoders were run on rows whose status is known. - **$(14,5,4,1,2)$**, nonexistent by Klin et al. [4] (condition N1 of [2]). All 13 cycle types of 14 with parts at least 3 are infeasible in both models, and all 13 are certified by `lrat-check` in the supplement's control run. - **$(32,6,5,1,1)$**, nonexistent by Jørgensen [5] (condition N2 of [2]). All 468 cycle types are INFEASIBLE in the CP-SAT model. - **$(18,4,3,0,1)$**, existent: construction M3 of [2] from $AG(2,3)$. Both models find a solution in type $3^6$, with the matching normalised case $(n_3,n_2,n_1)=(0,0,3)$. The solution is verified to be a dsrg. Of the other cycle types of 18, Corollary 2 excludes 19, and the remaining 13 are INFEASIBLE. The structural statements of Section 3 were checked exactly on the five known graphs listed there (`check_identities.py`). ## 6. The rows of the table with $k-t=1$ The quantity $k-t$ is invariant under complementation. The table lists eight pairs with $k-t=1$ and $v\le110$; we name the member with $2k